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Sustainable gardening includes the more specific sustainable landscapes, sustainable landscape design, sustainable landscaping, sustainable landscape architecture, resulting in sustainable sites. It comprises a disparate group of horticultural interests that can share the aims and objectives associated with the international post-1980s sustainable development and sustainability programs developed to address the fact that humans are now using natural biophysical resources faster than they can be replenished by nature.〔Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). ''Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis. Summary for Decision-makers''. pp.1-16. Washington, DC.: World Resources Institute. The full range of reports is available on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment web site. (). Retrieved on: 2009-03-16〕 Included within this compass are those home gardeners, and members of the landscape and nursery industries, and municipal authorities, that integrate environmental, social, and economic factors to create a more sustainable future. Organic gardening and the use of native plants are integral to sustainable gardening.〔("Sustainable Gardening: The New Generation of Eco-Friendly Gardening!", ''Cornucopia Network of New Jersey, Inc. Newsletter'', Spring (April) 2009. )〕 ==Historical development== After the establishment of sustainable agriculture in the early 1980s it was some time before the emergence of Sustainable Horticulture (as sustainable ''production'' horticulture) at the International Society of Horticultural Science's First International Symposium on Sustainability in Horticulture held at the International Horticultural Congress in Toronto in 2002. This symposium produced "conclusions ... on Sustainability in Horticulture and a Declaration for the 21st Century".〔() Bertschinger, L. et al. (eds) (2004). Conclusions from the 1st Symposium on Sustainability in Horticulture and a Declaration for the 21st Century. In: Proc. XXVI IHC – Sustainability of Horticultural Systems. ''Acta Hort''. 638, ISHS, pp. 509-512. Retrieved on: 2009-03-16.〕 The principles and objectives outlined at this conference were discussed in more practical terms at the following conference at Seoul in 2006.〔Lal, R. (2008). Sustainable Horticulture and Resource Management. In: Proc. XXVII IHC-S11 Sustainability through Integrated and Organic Horticulture. Eds.-in-Chief: R.K. Prange and S.D. Bishop. ''Acta Hort.''767, ISHS, pp. 19-44.〕 Many of the eco-friendly principles and ideas espoused by sustainable gardens, landscapes and sites perpetuate sustainable practices established as a reaction to resource-intensive industrial agriculture. These practices were established as movements for self-sufficiency and small-scale farming based on a holistic systems approach and ecological principles. Included here would be: biodynamic agriculture, no-till farming, agroecology, Fukuoka farming, forest gardening, organic gardening and others. On a larger scale there is the more recent "whole farm planning"〔() ''Outline of the Whole Farm Planning philosophy and application''. Retrieved on: 2009-03-16.〕〔Binns, R. M & Petheram, R. J. (1995). Whole farm planning. Victoria. Longerenong College, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Horticulture, the University of Melbourne. Retrieved on: 2009-03-16.〕 which was established in 1995, and ecoagriculture〔McNeely, J.A. & Scherr, S.J. (2003). ''Ecoagriculture: strategies to feed the world and save wild biodiversity''. Island Press, London.〕〔() ISBN 1-86285-753-9. An explanation of the eco-agriculture movement aims and objectives since its inception in 2000 when the term "ecoagriculture" was coined. Includes bibliographical references. Retrieved on:2009-03-16.〕 established in 2000, and other variants of sustainable agricultural systems. Perhaps the most influential of these approaches is permaculture, established by Australians Bill Mollison and David Holmgren as both a design system and a loosely defined philosophy or lifestyle ethic.〔Holmgren, D. (2002). ''Permaculture, principles and pathways beyond sustainability''. Holmgren Design Services, Hepburn, Australia. ISBN 0-646-41844-0〕 Permaculture shares many principles and practices of the above but not the broad philosophical base as indicated by the title of the 2002 publication ''Permaculture, principles and pathways beyond sustainability''.〔 The application of sustainability principles to the horticultural sphere has now becoming broadly accepted in commerce and academia. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sustainable gardening」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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